数字の「無」
ゼロは 数学の崩壊をもたらす
質量ゼロの光の粒子は 曲がる

空間の「無」
私たち自身も ほぼ真空だ
真空は 完全な無ではない

時空の「無」
宇宙は 時間も空間もない究極の無から生まれた
時間をさかのぼると 宇宙は一つの点に行き着く

Ekpyrotic universe

The ekpyrotic universe is a cosmological model of the early universe that explains the origin of the large-scale structure of the cosmos. The model has also been incorporated in the cyclic universe theory (or ekpyrotic cyclic universe theory), which proposes a complete cosmological history, both the past and future.
**
The original ekpyrotic model was introduced by Justin Khoury, Burt Ovrut, Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok in 2001.
Steinhardt created the name based on the Ancient Greek word ekpyrosis (ἐκπύρωσις, “conflagration”), which refers to a Stoic cosmological model in which the universe is caught in an eternal cycle of fiery birth, cooling and rebirth.
The theory addresses the fundamental question that remains unanswered by the Big Bang inflationary model, “What happened before the Big Bang?” The explanation, according to the ekpyrotic theory, is that the Big Bang was actually a big bounce, a transition from a previous epoch of contraction to the present epoch of expansion. The key events that shaped our universe occurred before the bounce, and, in a cyclic version, the universe bounces at regular intervals.

めぐりあう書物たちもどき

めぐりあう書物たち/尾関章
「読む」「考える」の by chance
2023年12月1日 投稿者: AKIRA OZEKI
休載のお知らせ
https://ozekibook.com/2023/12/01/休載のお知らせ/

**
毎週 楽しみにしていた 尾関章さんの「めぐりあう書物たち」が「筆者のやむを得ない事情により」しばらく休むとのこと。毎週金曜日に受けていた刺激が急になくなり、仕方なく(尾関さんにメールするという形で)自分で刺激を作り出すことにした。
以下は、そのログ。「めぐりあう書物たち」の形式をそのまま踏襲したのだが、尾関章さんほどの格調は出せていない。
**

金曜日(42)2024年10月4日(金)
今週の書物/Sabine Hossenfelder『Lost in Math』
http://www.kushima.org/sabine-hossenfelder/#comment-239732

金曜日(41)2024年9月27日(金)
今週の書物/Peter Wohlleben『The Hidden Life of Trees』
http://www.kushima.org/peter-wohlleben-3/#comment-239667
–>
金曜日(40)2024年9月20日(金)
今週の書物/なかにし礼『口説く』
http://www.kushima.org/%e3%81%aa%e3%81%8b%e3%81%ab%e3%81%97%e7%a4%bc-2/#comment-239593

金曜日(39)2024年9月13日(金)
今週の書物/Hannah Arendt『The Human Condition』
http://www.kushima.org/hannah-arendt-2/#comment-239493

金曜日(38)2024年9月6日(金)
今週の書物/Friedrich Nietzsche『Beyond Good and Evil』
http://www.kushima.org/slave-morality(奴隷道徳)by-nietzsche(ニーチェ)/#comment-239468

金曜日(37)2024年8月30日(金)
今週の書物/Patrick Süskind 『Perfume』
http://www.kushima.org/patrick-suskind/#comment-239345

金曜日(36)2024年8月23日(金)
今週の書物/谷崎潤一郎『鍵』
http://www.kushima.org/谷崎潤一郎-4/#comment-239281

金曜日(35)2024年8月16日(金)
今週の書物/井上靖『孔子』
http://www.kushima.org/井上靖-4/#comment-239216

金曜日(34)2024年8月9日(金)
今週の書物/アミン・マアルーフ『アラブが見た十字軍』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=76502#comment-238931

金曜日(33)2024年8月2日(金)
今週の書物/尾関章『科学をいまどう語るか――啓蒙から批評へ』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=42386#comment-238917

金曜日(32)2024年7月26日(金)
今週の書物/George Orwell『Notes on Nationalism』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=76474#comment-238919

金曜日(31)2024年7月19日(金)
今週の書物/アレックス・カー『犬と鬼 – 知られざる日本の肖像』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=68647#comment-238850

金曜日(30)2024年7月12日(金)
今週の書物/澁澤龍彦『快楽主義の哲学』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=489#comment-238803

金曜日(29)2024年7月5日(金)
今週の書物/沢木耕太郎『深夜特急〈第三便〉飛光よ、飛光よ 』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=76445#comment-238780

金曜日(28)2024年6月28日(金)
今週の書物/山本静山『花のこころ―奈良円照寺尼門跡といけばな』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=73481#comment-238658

金曜日(27)2024年6月21日(金)
今週の書物/東郷克美『佇立する芥川龍之介』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=76396#comment-238612

金曜日(26)2024年6月14日(金)
今週の書物/寺山修司『ポケットに名言を』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=38909#comment-238518

金曜日(25)2024年6月7日(金)
今週の書物/ビョンチョル・ハン『透明社会』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=66246#comment-238264

金曜日(24)2024年5月31日(金)
今週の書物/류시화『그대가 곁에 있어도 나는 그대가 그립다』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=74200#comment-238165

金曜日(23)2024年5月24日(金)
今週の書物/キム・スヒョン『私は私のままで生きることにした』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=66703#comment-238014

金曜日(22)2024年5月17日(金)
今週の書物/名郷直樹『いずれくる死にそなえない』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=66690#comment-237927

金曜日(21)2024年5月10日(金)
今週の書物/ミュリエル・バルベリ『京都に咲く一輪の薔薇』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=70986#comment-237762

金曜日(20)2024年5月3日(金)
今週の書物/Harry Cliff『How to Make an Apple Pie from Scratch』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=75038#comment-237550

金曜日(19)2024年4月26日(金)
今週の書物/Bruno Latour『Face à Gaïa. Huit conférences sur le nouveau régime climatique』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=74991#comment-237508

金曜日(18)2024年4月19日(金)
今週の書物/近藤祐『〈狭さ〉の美学』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=66054#comment-237394

金曜日(17)2024年4月12日(金)
今週の書物/Leonard Koren『Wabi-Sabi for Artists, Designers, Poets & Philosophers』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=25282#comment-237325

金曜日(16)2024年4月5日(金)
今週の書物/広井良則『人口減少社会のデザイン』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=71768#comment-237209

金曜日(15)2024年3月29日(金)
今週の書物/尹雄大『つながり過ぎないでいい』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=68309#comment-237049

金曜日(14)2024年3月22日(金)
今週の書物/日下渉『反市民の政治学』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=71191#comment-236910

金曜日(13)2024年3月15日(金)
今週の書物/John Hersey『Hiroshima』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=76110#comment-236689

金曜日(12)2024年3月8日(金)
今週の書物/Paul Shapiro『Clean Meat』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=76085#comment-236506

金曜日(11)2024年3月1日(金)
今週の書物/ミヒャエル・エンデ『モモ』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=76044#comment-236411

金曜日(10)2024年2月23日(金)
今週の書物/河口慧海『チベット旅行記』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=75936#comment-236338

金曜日(9)2024年2月9日(金)
今週の書物/藤沢周平『日暮れ竹河岸』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=45511#comment-236059

金曜日(8)2024年2月2日(金)
今週の書物/Francis Jammes『Le Roman du Lièvre』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=75846#comment-235901

金曜日(7)2024年1月26日(金)
今週の書物/Alexis de Tocqueville『Democracy In America (Volume 2)』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=75820#comment-235737

金曜日(6)2024年1月19日(金)
今週の書物/石牟礼道子『椿の海の記』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=75796#comment-235656

金曜日(5)2024年1月12日(金)
今週の書物/Carlo Rovelli『White Holes』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=75664#comment-235498

金曜日(4)2024年1月5日(金)
今週の書物/青木玉『小石川の家』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=75596#comment-235353

金曜日(3)2023年12月29日(金)
今週の書物/坂口弘『歌集 常しへの道』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=14955#comment-235201

金曜日(2)2023年12月22日(金)
今週の書物/Fernando Pessoa『The Book of Disquiet: The Complete Edition』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=75351#comment-235037

金曜日(1)2023年12月15日(金)
今週の書物/幸田文『きもの』
http://www.kushima.org/?p=75297#comment-234917

Nobody’s Fool (Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris)

We tend to make decisions using the information before us, ignoring irrelevant of distracting information. That habit of focus means we tend to neglect the importance, or even existence, of information that is absent. A tool known as a possibility grid can help us notice when we’re being misled by the information we aren’t considering.

平均寿命と健康寿命の差(介護が必要な年数)

厚生労働省によれば、令和元年の平均寿命と健康寿命は以下のとおり:

平均寿命と健康寿命の差は、男性が 8.73年、女性が 12.07年で、男女ともに 10年前後にわたって 「日常生活に制限のある不健康な状態」ですごさなければならないということになる。
事実、2022年3月末の時点で介護を必要とする人は約 690万人もおり、その約半数が同居する家族に介護されている。

いたずらで投げた石でも、カエルは当たったら死んでしまう

ひっそりと鎮まりかえった森の中で、石が当たったカエルは 誰に文句を言えるだろう?

A frog is hit and killed by a carelessly thrown stone.
(That is, a thoughtless word or action can cause great harm to others.)

カエルにはなるな
(カエル?)
運悪く石に当たったカエルだ
カエルは瀕死の状態
意識がもうろうとして
からだが乾いていく
息も苦しくなる中で
ひたすら考え続ける
”誰が石を投げた?”
”なぜ自分に当たった?”と

躺平即是正義(駱華忠)

两年多没有工作了,都在玩,没觉得哪里不对,压力主要来自身边人互相对比后寻找的定位和长辈的传统观念,它们会无时无刻在你身边出现,你每次看见的新闻热搜也都是明星恋爱、怀孕之类的『生育周边』,就像某些『看不见的生物』在制造一种思维强压给你,人大可不必如此。我可以像第欧根尼(Diogenes)只睡在自己的木桶里晒太阳,也可以像赫拉克利特(Heraclitus)住在山洞里思考『逻各斯』,既然这片土地从没真实存在高举人主体性的思潮,那我可以自己制造给自己,躺平就是我的智者运动,只有躺平,人才是万物的尺度。

簡素に生きる(小堀泰巖)

簡素に生きることが、一番の贅沢

最小限、最低限のもので生活していくというのが私たちのやり方ですね。
贅沢というものは煩悩、妄想であって、それを外すというのが私たちの大きな目標です。眠るのも最低限。寝る場所も畳一畳。寝て一畳、起きて半畳といいますから。
修行道場の禅堂では、みなの生活するところは本当に畳一枚が自分の場所として与えられ、就寝も食事も座禅もそこで行います。持ち物は体にくっつけられるものだけ。余分なものは持たない。それでじゅうぶん、生活できるんです。我慢しているわけではない。不自由ではないんですね。

簡素に生きる。これがいちばんの贅沢だと思います。なかなかできないかもしれませんが、やってみると一番の贅沢だということがわかると思います。満足の上限をおさえれば、心穏やかでいられます。
寒い時に寒くなる。当り前のことです。でも、暖房を入れたら、少しでは満足できない。暑い時にも中途半端な涼しさでは満足できない。いっそのこと暑いときには暑い生活をしてしまえばいいんです。庭に水をうつ。
それで涼が得られたんですからね。

臨済宗 建仁寺派管長
小堀泰巖

Amin Maalouf アミン マアルーフ(Les Croisades vues par les Arabes アラブが見た十字軍)

そこにはもちろん数百人の騎士や、武装した相当数の歩兵もいたが、そのほかに、ぼろ着をまとった数千もの女、子ども、老人までいる。それは、まるで侵略者によって故郷を追われた集団とでもいおうか。さらに伝えられたところでは、彼らは全員、十字架の形の布切れを背中に縫いつけている。

自動車の社会的費用(宇沢弘文)

自動車の所有者や使用者が負担すべき費用を外部に転嫁していることが、自動車依存の拡大を招いている。自動車 1台あたりの社会的費用は 3,000万円と推定され、それを利用者に割り振ると年額で 500万円になる。

Notes on Nationalism (George Orwell)

By ‘nationalism’ I mean first of all the habit of assuming that human beings can be classified like insects and that whole blocks of millions or tens of millions of people can be confidently labelled ‘good’ or ‘bad’. But secondly — and this is much more important — I mean the habit of identifying oneself with a single nation or other unit, placing it beyond good and evil and recognising no other duty than that of advancing its interests. Nationalism is not to be confused with patriotism. Both words are normally used in so vague a way that any definition is liable to be challenged, but one must draw a distinction between them, since two different and even opposing ideas are involved. By ‘patriotism’ I mean devotion to a particular place and a particular way of life, which one believes to be the best in the world but has no wish to force on other people. Patriotism is of its nature defensive, both militarily and culturally. Nationalism, on the other hand, is inseparable from the desire for power. The abiding purpose of every nationalist is to secure more power and more prestige, not for himself but for the nation or other unit in which he has chosen to sink his own individuality.

一瞬

一瞬のために歩いている
角を曲がり現れる街並み
砂浜で座って見る日の出
立入禁止の札の前の絶景

その場所にしかない色
その時間にしかない光
心をうつしだす景色は
わたしにしか見えない

歩くなかの一瞬
それだけでいい
ずっと見えない
続かなくていい

一瞬のためだけの
突然現れる街とか
日の出の魔法とか
いけない景色とか

きっと一瞬のために
僕は歩いている
思い出すことのない
一瞬のために

Sure, Knowledge Is Power, but Ignorance Is Underrated (Peter Coy)

We crave knowledge. Only ostriches stick their heads in the sand. Right? Well, then, how can we explain the following?
“Don’t tell me how the movie ends.”
“Don’t tell me if I have the gene for that disease.”
“Don’t tell me my startup is likely to fail.”
“Don’t tell me if my spouse cheated on me.”
“Don’t tell me how they slaughter veal calves.”
In many cases, let’s face it, we prefer not to know things, contrary to simple economic theories that say more information is always better. We tell one another that ignorance is bliss. We reject too much information.
We even structure our societies to exclude knowledge for certain purposes. Courts have inadmissible evidence. Employers have inadmissible questions for applicants. For 17 years, the military’s policy on homosexuality was “Don’t ask, don’t tell.” More recently, many colleges stopped asking for SAT and ACT scores, although some have started asking for them again.

Japan Climate Transition Bond Framework

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), roughly half of CO2 emission cannot be reduced by existing technologies. The IEA highlights the importance of innovation support through sovereign (i.e., national governments and government agencies) bonds from the viewpoint of utilizing national credit, as there is a risk private firms cannot resolve entirely on their own.
In these circumstances, Japan is in a leading position on new technologies and business development to solve challenges such as the limitation of available renewable energy, heat demand and demand of raw material within the industrial sector. Funding these technologies and businesses will lead to innovation and significantly contribute to decarbonization in areas where existing technologies are not sufficient.
In addition, keeping in mind of geopolitical risks such as the Ukraine crisis, middle-to-long term steady decarbonization by securing energy supply and security is necessary. Furthermore, considering Japan’s high manufacturing industry ratio and low job mobility, just transition is an important challenge where it is essential to promote a comprehensive policy package such as design of carbon pricing (CP) with predictability and consideration at GX Implementation Council with experts from labor and economic community.

Japan Climate Transition Bond Framework (PDF file)

東郷克美

それにしても、「羅生門」は、前年の大正3年秋以来彼が目指していた「ラツフでも力のあるもの」(大3・11・30、井川恭宛書簡)といえるかどうか。この作品の特色は、「ラツフ」とはむしろ反対の芸術的完成度にあると思われる。そのかぎりでは「力のある」作品だといえないことはないが、それさえも芸術的感性という枠の中に閉じ込められているようにみえる。

Pancakes (Declan Rice, Arsenal midfielder)

I have four pancakes before a game, covered in syrup or honey. I swear to God, it’s the best thing – it has changed this season.
When I joined the club, I could see the players eating them and thought to myself, “What is going on here?”
But honestly, it’s been a game changer.
I don’t understand the science behind it, but it gives me such a high energy boost. I think that’s why I’m able to rattle around the pitch so much.

Anti-China sentiment in America

After years of living in dorms and subpar apartments, Lisa Li could not wait to close on her new home.
The one-bedroom condo in Miami’s financial district had a view of the river, was in a safe neighborhood and, Ms. Li heard, had neighbors who were much like her — less party, more chill. So Ms. Li, a 28-year-old who came to the United States 11 years ago as a college student from China, put in an offer, had her bid accepted and began ordering furniture.
Then things took a sharp turn. At the last minute, the title company raised concerns about a small United States Coast Guard outpost near South Beach a few miles away. Her purchase, the company said, might run afoul of a new Florida law that prohibits many Chinese citizens from buying property in the state, especially near military installations, airports or refineries.
Under the law, Ms. Li could face prison time, and the sellers and real estate agents could be held liable. The deal collapsed.
More than three dozen states have enacted or are considering similar laws restricting land purchases by Chinese citizens and companies, arguing that such transactions are a growing threat to national security and that the federal government has failed to stop Chinese Communist Party influence in America.

花のこころ(山本静山)

人間の世界には、ずいぶんとむだが多いように思えますが、そのむだが、なかなかたいせつなのです。
山へ登り、野にさまよい、または旅の車中から、ただ何とはなしに、あたりの風景をながめている。そのなにげなくながめているということが、数多く重なってゆくにつれて、自然の美しさ、草や木の在り方が、心の目に写されてゆくのです。そうして花を生けるときに、いつとはなしにそのことが、大きく役立っていることに気がつきます。おもしろいことです。

State of Southeast Asia Survey (ASEAN Studies Centre, ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute)

Findings from the latest State of Southeast Asia Survey conducted by the ASEAN Studies Centre at the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute reveal that Southeast Asia’s top preoccupations are with recessionary pressures, intensifying economic tensions between major powers, as well as geopolitical concerns over the ongoing Israel-Hamas conflict and aggressive behaviour in the South China Sea. ASEAN’s inability to cope with fluid political and economic developments continues to worry the region.
China remains the most influential economic and political-strategic power in the region while the US has experienced a decline in its popularity in the event of a forced choice. China also tops the charts in terms of strategic relevance to ASEAN, outpacing the US by a narrow margin, while Japan remains as the most trusted major power in the region.

蓬萊邨

烏魚子炒飯
ウーユーズチャオファン
Fried Rice with Mullet Roe

からすみ入り炒飯

香りが高く味の濃い台南のからすみとアヒルの卵を使い、台湾の銘米「池上米」の弾力を生かして炒飯に仕上げられている。

爲末大 Dai Tamesue @daijapan

今回の大谷さんの話とは関係なく(いやないこともないですが)ですが、ふと思ったので。
一般的に、アスリートが有名になり始める年齢は18-24歳あたりで、そこで以下のようなことが起こります。

・先輩や昔の同級生が保険を売りにきたり、お金を貸して欲しいとお願いされる。
・いろんな人を紹介される。その中にグレーゾーンの人が混ざっていることもある。紹介する人は先輩だったりするのでややこしい。
・マネジメント事務所から連絡がある。
・会社を作る必要が出てきた場合、よくわからないまま株主の比率が決まる。

田舎で育った場合のアスリートは、昔と同じように素直に生きているといいように転がされてしまいます。
それで傷ついた人は今度は警戒心が強くなり、とにかく知っている数人だけで固めようとしますが、それはそれで身内と近くなりすぎて問題が起きたりします。

難しいのはそれが競技に集中している時であり、さらに20代の経験がない若い時にやってくる点です。相談しようにも、スポーツの中にそんな経験がある人も少ないです。言いにくいことも多い。

最近は少しマシになっていると思いますが、それでもやっぱりちらほら困っている話を聞き、なんとかできないだろうかと考えています。

Science Fictions (Stuart Ritchie)

Science, the discipline in which we should find the harshest scepticism, the most pin-sharp rationality and the hardest-headed empiricism, has become home to a dizzying array of incompetence, delusion, lies and self-deception.

税務調査官の悩み(片山会計事務所グループ)

日本国憲法30条 国民は、法律の定めるところにより、納税の義務を負う
日本国憲法84条 あらたに租税を課し、または現行の租税を変更するには、法律又は法律の定める条件によることを必要とする

この憲法84条の規定を課税要件法定主義と呼んでいます。税務調査での課税は必ずしもこの課税要件法定主義を充たしてはいません。つまり本来は課税要件の法律根拠が存在せず、憲法規定上は課税できないものを、調査官達は厳しい調査件数ノルマで無理な課税を行っているものがかなり含まれている訳で、これは課税庁側の更正決定処分で行われる課税ではなく修正申告書の提出といった形で「自主的」に申告を済ませている以上は決して表には出てきません。この事は少なからず良心的な調査官達を自己矛盾で苦しめている事となります。
国税庁は法律よりも「通達」で課税を行う事が一般的です。通達とは、国家行政組織法14条2項により大臣が下級庁に対して発するもので、問題になるのは法律の解釈を大臣または長官が決めてしまう解釈通達です。解釈通達は、例えば国税庁長官が発したものでしたら、国税庁の下級庁である国税局や税務署員は必ずこの解釈に拘束されますが、下級庁の職員以外の一般国民はその解釈に縛られる事はなく自由な租税解釈権を有しています。
通達とは国民に選ばれた国会議員により国会で審議されて可決された法律ではなく、大臣または長官の判断だけで下級庁に指示されるものですから、この解釈で課税を行う事は明らかに課税要件法定主義に反しています。更に通達でもなく解説書の一文を根拠にしたり、或いは過去の前例だけで課税をしたりという乱暴なものも見受けられます。

帰国できない高齢夫婦(三木義一)

 強きを助け、弱きをくじく国税庁の姿勢を示す事例を紹介してみたい。
 このご夫婦は長いこと外国で働き、外国の公的年金をもらってきたが、老後は日本で過ごしたいし、日本でも外国の年金を受領できるので帰国。ご主人が亡くなり、相続税の申告をした。すると、税務調査があり、ご主人の死亡により外国から遺族年金を受けるので、その受ける「権利」も相続財産だと言われる。年間500万円もらえる69歳の奥さんは、女性の平均余命を踏まえると、あと20年受けられるから、1億円を相続財産に加えろというのである。
 実際にいくらもらえるか分からない金額に課税され、しかも、日本の遺族年金は課税されていないのにどうしてと聞くと、日本のは非課税規定があるが、外国のにはないという。そこで非課税規定を調べてみると、日本のも年金を受ける「権利」を非課税にしている
わけではなく、完全に読み間違いをしている。私も加わり、説明をすると理由を二転、三転、四転。理由がないから、課税分はやめたらと言うと、処分しないと私が処分されると言い、強引に処分をしてくるのである。
 これが今、日本中でおきている。だから、外国で働いてきた高齢夫婦達は帰国できないでいる。国税庁長官か、国会議員さん、誰かが早く誤りを是正してあげないと生きて日本の土を踏めないよ!

The Power and Peril of Curiosity (Christopher K. Hsee, Bowen Ruan)

Curiosity—the desire for information—underlies many human activities, from reading celebrity gossip to developing nuclear science. Curiosity is well recognized as a human blessing. Is it also a human curse? Tales about such things as Pandora’s box suggest that it is, but scientific evidence is lacking. In four controlled experiments, we demonstrated that curiosity could lead humans to expose themselves to aversive stimuli (even electric shocks) for no apparent benefits. The research suggests that humans possess an inherent desire, independent of consequentialist considerations, to resolve uncertainty; when facing something uncertain and feeling curious, they will act to resolve the uncertainty even if they expect negative consequences. This research reveals the potential perverse side of curiosity, and is particularly relevant to the current epoch, the epoch of information, and to the scientific community, a community with high curiosity.

**

Curious people do not always perform consequentialist cost-benefit analyses and may be tempted to seek the missing information even when the outcome is expectedly harmful.
On the bright side, understanding that curiosity has a dark side could help you modify your behavior and curb potentially self-destructive pursuits driven by the innate urge to close the curiosity gap. You can make better decisions if you stop and consider whether your decision making is being driven by curiosity. And, if closing the curiosity gap will have positive or negative outcomes.

Using Curiosity to Increase the Choice of Should Options (Evan Polman)

Piquing people’s curiosity can influence their choices by steering them away from tempting desires, like unhealthy foods or taking the elevator, and toward less tempting, but healthier options, such as buying more fresh produce or taking the stairs.
Evidently, people really have a need for closure when something has piqued their curiosity. They want the information that fills the curiosity gap, and they will go to great lengths to get it.
Our results suggest that using interventions based on curiosity gaps has the potential to increase participation in desired behaviors for which people often lack motivation. It also provides new evidence that curiosity-based interventions come at an incredibly small cost and could help steer people toward a variety of positive actions.

Deprivation curiosity (Jonathan Schooler)

General-interest curiosity celebrates a lack of knowledge as an opportunity to gain more knowledge. People who exhibit this trait are motivated to learn for learning’s sake. General-interest curiosity takes delight in the fact that we don’t know everything and that there’s so much wonderful information to graze out there. This expression stands in awe before mystery and accepts all that we do not—and cannot—know, which means it’s closely linked to intellectual humility.
Deprivation curiosity, on the other hand, functions in a utilitarian way. Rather than an exploratory desire to learn, it wants an answer to fill a gap in knowledge. Deprivation curiosity stems from an aversion to not knowing something; its motivation is to squelch the discomfort of uncertainty. Because deprivation curiosity clamors for information as a way to avoid unknowing, it’s linked to a lack of intellectual humility. This drive to find an answer isn’t always bad. We do think it’s likely to be an important complement to general-interest curiosity. You can easily imagine that when Einstein was pursuing his passion for understanding relativity, he had a sense of, ‘I must get to the bottom of this—I won’t sleep until I do!’
Because deprivation curiosity is linked to intellectual arrogance, it predicts other negative behaviors. When you lack intellectual humility—when you feel like you need to know everything and you realize there’s something you don’t know—that leads to an uncomfortable gap. In order to fill this gap and minimize discomfort, people tend to look for answers without discernment. For example, “we see them accepting fake news because they don’t like the feeling of uncertainty that maybe this [news] isn’t true. In a similar way, deprivation curiosity can lead people to create false memories. When we seek an answer purely to avoid not knowing, in other words, we run the risk of accepting the wrong answer.

愛と欲望(山本芳久、若松英輔)

 山本 アーレントは次のように述べています。「『愛』caritasと『欲望』cupiditasは、それぞれの追求する対象によって互いに区別されるのであり、追求の仕方そのものによって区別されるのではない」。
 ラテン語には愛や欲求を意味する単語が結構たくさんあります。アウグスティヌスは、それをうまく区別しながら議論を組み立てていて、caritasとcupiditasは代表的なものなんです。caritasはキリスト教的な愛ですね。それに対して欲望cupiditasとは、特にこの世的なものを自分のものにすることを意味する単語だと言います。
 若松 愛と欲望について、アーレントは、愛は「善きもの」を希求すると言います。さらに愛は、「善きもの」だけでなく、永遠なるものと人間を結ぶ、とも書いています。一方で、欲望は時限的なもの、永遠ならざるものを求めていくといいますね。
 山本 さらに彼女は、「人間とは、その人が追い求めるものにほかならない」とも言います。「『欲望の人』は、自らの『欲望』そのものによって消えゆく運命へと定められるが、他方『愛』は、追求される『永遠性』の故に、自ら永遠なるものとなる」とも。儚いもの、この世的なものを欲望する人は、自分自身が儚い存在であることになってしまうわけです。
 欲望=クピディタスが軸になっている人は、本当に求めるべきもの、探究すべきものを見失って、その代わりに雑多な、この世的なものにとらわれる。それを「好奇心(curiositas)」とアウグスティヌスは呼びます。現代では「好奇心」はよいものと言われることが多いのですが、キリスト教哲学、アウグスティヌス以来の伝統では、「好奇心」はよからぬものなのです。

好奇心(若松英輔)

好奇心を持つのはよいことである、と教わってきた。事実、世の中は好奇心を刺激するもので満ちている。目を引く、変わった、衝撃的なものによって他者の関心を集めようとする。事実を偽り、捏造することすら試みる人たちもいる。
そのいっぽうで好奇心を強く戒める人たちがいる。哲学者のハンナ・アーレントはそのひとりだ。

Cassandra (ABBA)

Down in the street, they’re all singing and shouting
Staying alive though the city is dead
Hiding their shame behind hollow laughter
While you are crying alone on your bed
Pity Cassandra that no one believed you
But then again you were lost from the start
Now we must suffer and sell our secrets
Bargain, playing smart, aching in our hearts

Sorry Cassandra, I misunderstood
Now the last day is dawning
Some of us wanted, but none of us would
Listen to words of warning
But on the darkest of nights
Nobody knew how to fight
And we were caught in our sleep

Hiroshima (John Hersey)

At exactly fifteen minutes past eight in the morning, on August 6, 1945, Japanese time, at the moment when the atomic bomb flashed above Hiroshima, Miss Toshiko Sasaki, a clerk in the personnel department of the East Asia Tin Works, had just sat down at her place in the plant office and was turning her head to speak to the girl at the next desk. At that same moment, Dr. Masakazu Fujii was settling down cross-legged to read the Osaka Asahi on the porch of his private hospital, overhanging one of the seven deltaic rivers which divide Hiroshima; Mrs. Hatsuyo Nakamura, a tailor’s widow, stood by the window of her kitchen, watching a neighbor tearing down his house because it lay in the path of an air-raid-defense fire lane; Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge, a German priest of the Society of Jesus, reclined in his underwear on a cot on the top floor of his order’s three-story mission house, reading a Jesuit magazine, Stimmen der Zeit; Dr. Terufumi Sasaki, a young member of the surgical staff of the city’s large, modern Red Cross Hospital, walked along one of the hospital corridors with a blood specimen for a Wassermann test in his hand; and the Reverend Mr. Kiyoshi Tanimoto, pastor of the Hiroshima Methodist Church, paused at the door of a rich man’s house in Koi, the city’s western suburb, and prepared to unload a handcart full of things he had evacuated from town in fear of the massive B-29 raid which everyone expected Hiroshima to suffer. A hundred thousand people were killed by the atomic bomb, and these six were among the survivors. They still wonder why they lived when so many others died. Each of them counts many small items of chance or volition—a step taken in time, a decision to go indoors, catching one streetcar instead of the next—that spared him. And now each knows that in the act of survival he lived a dozen lives and saw more death than he ever thought he would see. At the time, none of them knew anything.

ロ・ギワンに会った(チョ・ヘジン)

他者の苦しみは実態が見えず、察することしかできないため、つねに何かが欠けている。

彼は希望を育む術と地の果てまで絶望する術を同時に鍛えなければならなかった。

命がけで国境を越え、最愛の人を失い、生きるためだけに見知らぬ国へと流れ着いたここまでの道のり。それが何の意味もなかったことを受けいれなければならない、氷のように冷たい時間。彼は、懐かしさだけで故郷を思い出す甘い時間は、自分には今後いっさい訪れないだろうと悟った。

生きるために生きてきただけなのに、故郷を離れて以来ずっと追われ、隠れ続けなければならない犯罪者となり、時には一人の人間として守り通したかったものまで根こそぎ奪われた理不尽な日々。

日本という異端児(立花聡)

今年は、私が日本脱出30周年。その間、アフリカのナミビアから北極のグリーンランドまで、61か国を回った。そうした中で、日本がいかに世界の異端児であるか、その本質を理解した。
異端児は問題ではない。問題は異端児であることを知らないことだ。自己中心の発想と妄想で虚構の世界を作り出し、自分の基準で行動している。自分の基準で行動することも問題ではない。ただ他に頼らず自給自足の資源が必要だ。しかし、それがない。この致命傷にも気づかない。
大方の日本人は、世界に無知であり、世界の中に存在する自分のことにはもっと無知であり、何よりも「無知の知」を持っていない。日本人は謙虚を美徳としているが、それが真っ赤な嘘。日本に対する批判に耳を傾けようとせず、相手には「反日」レッテルを貼ったりもする。
多くの日本人は日々、「日本凄い」に酔い痴れる。未だに「日本技術」を信じ込み、「日本文化」の発信に熱中する。日本は基幹産業の電機を失い、自動車産業も崩壊しつつある。そこでインバウンドの観光立国を夢見る。江戸前寿司が日本を救ってくれるとでも思っているのか。
はっきり言おう。ほとんどの外国人は日本文化に興味がない。物珍しさと安さで日本に殺到している。それだけの話。日本は、安い!物価も、不動産も、企業買収も、みんな安い。日本はバーゲン国家だ。当然、給料も安い。日本には、一旦崩壊しない限り、将来がない。30年前という早い時期に日本を脱出した自分は、いかに幸運だったか。
導いてくれた神様には、感謝、感謝、また感謝。

門(夏目漱石)

自分は門を開けて貰いに来た。けれども門番は扉の向側にいて、敲いてもついに顔さえ出してくれなかった。ただ、
「敲いても駄目だ。独りで開けて入れ」と云う声が聞えただけであった。彼はどうしたらこの門の閂を開ける事ができるかを考えた。そうしてその手段と方法を明らかに頭の中で拵えた。けれどもそれを実地に開ける力は、少しも養成する事ができなかった。したがって自分の立っている場所は、この問題を考えない昔と毫も異なるところがなかった。彼は依然として無能無力に鎖ざされた扉の前に取り残された。彼は平生自分の分別を便に生きて来た。その分別が今は彼に祟ったのを口惜く思った。そうして始から取捨も商量も容れない愚なものの一徹一図を羨んだ。もしくは信念に篤い善男善女の、知慧も忘れ思議も浮ばぬ精進の程度を崇高と仰いだ。彼自身は長く門外に佇立むべき運命をもって生れて来たものらしかった。それは是非もなかった。けれども、どうせ通れない門なら、わざわざそこまで辿りつくのが矛盾であった。彼は後を顧みた。そうしてとうていまた元の路へ引き返す勇気を有たなかった。彼は前を眺めた。前には堅固な扉がいつまでも展望を遮ぎっていた。彼は門を通る人ではなかった。また門を通らないで済む人でもなかった。要するに、彼は門の下に立ち竦んで、日の暮れるのを待つべき不幸な人であった。

Clean Meat (Paul Shapiro)

  • By shifting to clean meat, we can reduce animal suffering, limit greenhouse gas emissions, conserve water, and mitigate the risks of zoonotic diseases.
  • It paves the way for a more sustainable and compassionate future.
  • Clean meat is not just a trend or a niche market. It has the potential to become the norm, eventually replacing conventional meat in our grocery stores and restaurants.
  • The demand for meat is projected to continue rising, but our current methods of production are simply not sustainable. Clean meat offers a viable solution to feeding a growing global population without further straining our planet’s resources.
  • Clean meat has the potential to revolutionize the way we produce and consume protein, addressing many of the environmental, ethical, and public health concerns associated with traditional animal agriculture.
  • Imagine a world where meat is produced without the need for raising and slaughtering animals—a world where meat is clean, sustainable, and cruelty-free.

小鵬汽車(Xpeng Motors)

Audience gather around Xpeng’s booth at this year’s Guangzhou International Automobile Exhibition, also known as Auto Guangzhou, held in the southern Chinese city of Guangzhou during Nov. 17-26, 2023.

五十嵐博

  • 臨床はラディカルになるときこそ危険である。ありふれていることが肯定されねばならない。優れた治療者とは凡庸な治療の良さを知る人なのである。
  • 自分たちが持つ医学的な背景から築かれた認識や価値観よりも、患者の持つ意向や価値観をより尊重した中で、患者にとって最も望ましい方向性をともに見出していく。
  • エキスパートは答えを知っているが、重要な問いを知っているのは達人だけ。エキスパートは知っていることに喜びを感じ、達人は知らないことに喜びを感じる。
  • 記述することから問うことへ―客観的記述であれ、主観的記述であれ、記述することは問うことを超えることはできない。
  • 戻っていくべき本来の姿などないことを認めたうえで、「疎外」という言葉で名指すべき現象から目を背けないこと。
  • 労働の廃棄でも、本来的な労働の開始でもない、労働日の短縮。
  • 人はパンがなければ生きていけない。しかし、パンだけで生きるべきでもない。私たちはパンだけでなく、バラももとめよう。生きることはバラで飾られねばならない。
  • 因果的な問いにデータのみで答えることは決してできない。

Slave-morality(奴隷道徳)by Nietzsche(ニーチェ)

Supposing that the abused, the oppressed, the suffering, the unemancipated, the weary, and those uncertain of themselves should moralize, what will be the common element in their moral estimates? Probably a pessimistic suspicion with regard to the entire situation of man will find expression, perhaps a condemnation of man, together with his situation. The slave has an unfavorable eye for the virtues of the powerful; he has a skepticism and distrust, a refinement of distrust of everything “good” that is there honored—he would fain persuade himself that the very happiness there is not genuine. On the other hand, those qualities which serve to alleviate the existence of sufferers are brought into prominence and flooded with light; it is here that sympathy, the kind, helping hand, the warm heart, patience, diligence, humility, and friendliness attain to honor; for here these are the most useful qualities, and almost the only means of supporting the burden of existence. Slave-morality is essentially the morality of utility.
Here is the seat of the origin of the famous antithesis “good” and “evil”:—power and dangerousness are assumed to reside in the evil, a certain dreadfulness, subtlety, and strength, which do not admit of being despised. According to slave-morality, therefore, the “evil” man arouses fear; according to master-morality, it is precisely the “good” man who arouses fear and seeks to arouse it, while the bad man is regarded as the despicable being.
The contrast attains its maximum when, in accordance with the logical consequences of slave-morality, a shade of depreciation—it may be slight and well-intentioned—at last attaches itself to the “good” man of this morality; because, according to the servile mode of thought, the good man must in any case be the safe man: he is good-natured, easily deceived, perhaps a little stupid, un bonhomme. Everywhere that slave-morality gains the ascendancy, language shows a tendency to approximate the significations of the words “good” and “stupid.”

Epictetus(エピクテトス)

If you are ever tempted to look for outside approval, realize that you have compromised your integrity. If you need a witness, be your own.

誰かに認められたいと思った時には、自分に妥協しているということに気づいてください。誰かに見てほしいと思ったら、自分に見てもらえばいいのです。

Novalis(ノヴァーリス)

Das Märchen ist der Prüfstein der Poesie … alles Poetische muss wie ein Märchen sein. Der Dichter verehrt den Zufall.

おとぎ話は詩の試金石だ…詩的なものはすべておとぎ話のようでなければならない。詩人は偶然を崇拝する。

Momo (Michael Ende)

Life holds one great but quite commonplace mystery. Though shared by each of us and known to all, seldom rates a second thought. That mystery, which most of us take for granted and never think twice about, is time.
Calendars and clocks exist to measure time, but that signifies little because we all know that an hour can seem as eternity or pass in a flash, according to how we spend it.
Time is life itself, and life resides in the human heart.

Snitching (密告)

“I was taught how to snitch by my grandfather who was a snitch himself,” claims a woman who goes by the name of Anna Korobkova. She says her grandfather was an anonymous informant for the Soviet secret police during Stalin’s reign, when denunciations were part of everyday life, and she’s following in his footsteps. Now, she is reporting anyone she thinks is a critic of the war in Ukraine.
Korobkova claims to have written 1,397 denunciations since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. She says people have been fined, fired and labelled as foreign agents because of her denunciations.
“I do not feel sorry for them,” she reveals. “I feel joy if they are punished because of my denunciations.”

山久漆工

漆器は塗りあがったときが完成ではない と言われます。塗りあがった後も紫外線など自然の影響をうけて漆は長い時間をかけてゆっくりと塗膜が固化して、透明に近づきます。これにより黒、朱、白といった色に奥深さがでてきます。この微妙な自然の変化に、私たちは漆のいとおしさを感じることができます。

Rovelli’s physics: What is time? (Akira Ozeki, 3/11/2023)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
すごい物理学講義 (Time doesn’t exist)
by Carlo Rovelli

書評「めぐりあう書物たち」 (Book review ”Book come across”)
by 尾関章 (Akira Ozeki)
 

In this column, we often cover one book over two weeks. At first, I advocated reading one book a week, but I started to think it was ridiculous to earn that many books that way. Sometimes one book every two weeks is enough. Well, sometimes it’s okay to read one book every three weeks or one book every four weeks.

So this week, I will continue with “Amazing Physics Lectures” (written by Carlo Rovelli, translated by Kaoru Takeuchi, translated by Toshihide Kurihara, published by Kawade Bunko, 2019). The reason why I linger so long on one book is because I want to get to the bottom of the loop quantum gravity theory that the author talks about, and see how the world looks.

Roughly speaking, the story of the week before last went like this. The physical world has the character of “particles”. There is a minimum unit of size, and it cannot be divided into smaller units. The microscopic world is geometric, and the way it curves can be calculated probabilistically using equations.

Last week, we looked into the nature of “particles” in the physical world. The image is like a ball packed into a box, with links between adjacent particles. It can be said to be a network-like world image. When you go around the link from particle to particle, you can see the curvature of space.

There is another feature of the space of loop quantum gravity theory that should be kept in mind. This means that it should not be seen as “an amorphous container that contains things.” The quantum of space “exists among the quanta that are adjacent to itself.” Space should be viewed as a “fabric of relationships with neighbors.”

If you review it like this, you will notice something. I wonder if this book is getting too caught up in discussing space and neglecting time. In fact, the author seems to have been concerned about this as well. In the middle of the book, at the beginning of Chapter 7, “Time Doesn’t Exist,” he frankly admits that he had not tried to discuss time until the previous chapter. However, since modern physics views time and space together as “space-time,” he declares that “it’s time to bring time back into the blueprint.”

There is also such an honest confession. Quantum gravity researchers “worked exclusively on spatial problems” until they “gathered the courage to face time.” The understanding of time has been progressing for about 15 years at the time of writing this book. Is this something that researchers have only become interested in in recent years?

Now then, what is the time image of loop quantum gravity theory? As this column has repeatedly written, the Wheeler-de Witt equation, which is the basis of loop quantum gravity theory, does not have a time variable “t”. As you read this book, you will understand what that means.

Firstly, there is a story that Galileo Galilei noticed the isochronism of the pendulum while looking at the candlesticks in the ceiling of the cathedral in Pisa. Although it seems doubtful whether this is a true story, “tradition” says that Galileo measured the period of the flickering of the candlestick by his own pulse. As a result, he realized that the period of a pendulum does not change regardless of its amplitude. The author raises the issue here. On what basis did Galileo become convinced that the pulse beats at a constant time?

There is a flip side to this. After Galileo’s discovery, doctors began using pendulums as clocks to measure patients’ pulses. He uses the pulse to check that the oscillations of the pendulum are regular, and uses the pendulum to check that the pulse is regular – that’s what we do.

The author says. Whether observing a pendulum or measuring one’s pulse, one is not measuring “time itself.” It simply measures multiple physical quantities and compares one variable with another. However, until now physics has “assumed” the existence of a time variable “t”. Quantum gravity theory breaks this custom. If we have physical quantities A, B, and C, we can define them not as functions A(t), B(t), and C(t) of “t” but as mutual functions of variables A(B), B(C), Try to think like C(A).

From this perspective, changes in the world come from changes in the relationships between things, and the world does not “change over time.” This idea is similar to viewing space not as a “container,” but as a “fabric of relationships with one’s neighbors.” It seems that time is not a “container” either.

Now, from here on it’s difficult to understand. In this column, I have no choice but to rely on the images presented in this book to proceed with the discussion. The author explains physical phenomena using “boxes.” Let’s take the example of two billiard balls colliding and rolling in two directions, and use a box to represent the time and space in which this happens. In the diagram included in this book, the box is a rectangular parallelepiped, and one side of the box appears to be a time axis, but as you read the text, you will see that this is not simply the case. This is because “the box itself “contains” space and time.”

There is another expression on the box, which makes more sense. They say it resembles a small piece of “mollusc” and is “shaped like sushi.” As an aside, there is a reason why the author brought up the term “mollusk”. This is because Albert Einstein compared the gravitational field, which is the curvature of space-time, to a “mollusk”. What made the metaphor jump to “sushi” is probably a service aimed at Japanese readers. I’m sure he himself loves Japanese food.

The question is, what is something like “sushi”? In loop quantum gravity theory, when considering the physical process of a collision between billiard balls, one must take into account not only the balls themselves, but also “everything surrounding the balls,” such as space and time. “Sushi” includes all of these.

According to this book, what we should focus on here is the end of “sushi.” One of the two ends corresponds to the beginning of the physical process, and the other corresponds to the end. The equations of loop quantum gravity theory calculate the probabilities of all possible states at the beginning and end of a process. Returning to billiards, this allows us to know probabilistically how a colliding ball enters the “sushi” and how it leaves the “sushi”. .

So, what about the space between the ends? This is where the world picture of quantum mechanics comes in handy. One is Werner Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics. “Quantum mechanics does not tell us what happens during a process,” he says. The other is Richard Feynman’s “path summation.” View the movement of particles as a bundle of paths. Based on this idea, there exists a “cloud” between the two ends that contains all possible paths that particles can take, and includes all possible space-times.

Loop quantum information theory views space as a “net.” It is said that it appears at the end of “sushi” in time and space. Now imagine the act of “holding a net in your hand and moving it”. As a result, the points of the “nodes” that are the knots of the “net” become lines, and the lines of the connections (“links”) between “nodes” become planes. The author calls this the “history of the net” and the “progress of the net,” and likens the resulting structure to a “foam.” It seems that the “clouds” in space and time can be seen as the overlapping of “all possible bubbles.”

According to this book, physicists use these “bubbles” to calculate the probability of a particular physical process. What is needed here is to add up all the “bubbles” that share the same end and find the “sum”. The equations of loop quantum theory of gravity make this calculation possible.

The time depicted in this book can be summarized as follows. There is no time or space in the world to serve as a “container” prior to an event. Space is a “net” of relationships made up of “nodes” and “links,” and “space-time” is created when the state of the “net” changes.

So why do we feel that time is flowing uniformly? This book suggests that “space and time are approximate entities that only appear on a large scale.” The “large scale” seems to have a mechanism that makes you feel the passage of time. This is explained in detail by the author in another work, and has already been introduced in this column. There is a chapter at the end of the book that will give you some hints, but for the time being I will conclude this series with three parts. Let’s take a chance and try again.

All I can say now is to stop seeing time as absolute. Time lies in the relative change of events. When I think about it, I feel like each day has become a little longer.

Rovelli’s physics: space is a web of interactions (Akira Ozeki, 27/10/2023)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
すごい物理学講義 (Time doesn’t exist)
by Carlo Rovelli

書評「めぐりあう書物たち」 (Book review ”Book come across”)
by 尾関章 (Akira Ozeki)
 

If you continue reporting on science for a long time, you can kind of see the changes in scientists’ interests. One of the reasons is that in recent decades, more emphasis has been placed on things than things.

The reason behind this is that the elemental reductionism that colored 20th century science has reached its climax. In physics, this is the case with the rush to discover elementary particles. In the life sciences, genome decoding corresponds to this. We are approaching the limit of our ability to explore the origins of matter and life.

What emerged in its place was the science of complex systems. I’m not really interested in dividing things into smaller parts. What interests me is the relationship between things. It can also be called a network. Network theory is discussed across disciplines, from physics to biology, and from basic science to applied technology.

The trend of emphasizing networks may be related to the fact that humans themselves have become components of networks. With the spread of computers and the advancement of information technology (IT) in the latter half of the 20th century, everyone became able to connect with people around the world through the Internet. Nowadays, human society cannot exist without networks. Our thinking is connected to networks on a daily basis. Naturally, science will change as a result.

The reason why I mentioned this topic to Pillow is because I associate networks with the theory of quantum gravity in “Amazing Physics Lectures” (authored by Carlo Rovelli, supervised translation by Kaoru Takeuchi, translated by Toshihide Kurihara, published by Kawade Bunko, 2019), which I have been discussing since last week. This is because there are stories that will make you do it. Since the author considers infinitesimal space, at first glance it may seem like elemental reductionism. However, as I read further, it seems that this is not the case. Although we are assuming elements, we are looking at something network-like.

Now, let’s return to the contents of this book. Last week, this book led me to the entrance to the theory of quantum gravity, which aims to integrate quantum mechanics and general theory of relativity. It can be summarized in two points. The first point is that space is not infinitely divisible, but has a “granular” quality in extremely small areas. Another is that there is a basic equation called the Wheeler-de-Witt equation in this area, and this equation allows us to imagine space as a “cloud made up of different geometric figures overlapping each other.”

However, even if you say that, it doesn’t make sense. The fact that space is “particles” and the fact that it is “cloud-like” are not connected. I want to read this book further this week and get rid of this feeling of confusion.

Let’s start by asking whether the Wheeler-de Witt equation can be solved. According to the book, the equations were improved around the end of the 1980s, and a “strange solution” was discovered. The solution was obtained when “closed lines” (rings, loops) in space were “objected to calculation.” Another way of saying this is that a “closed line” “appears in the solution.” Apparently, loops have a special meaning. This is where the name “loop quantum gravity theory” comes from.

This doesn’t get the point across, so let’s get some help from visual materials. The book contains images of ring-like loops intertwining in all directions. If you read the text, you will see that the solution to the Wheeler-de Witt equation seems to represent the state of each loop.

The author also calls the loop the “Faraday field line of the gravitational field.” Michael Faraday (1791-1867) expressed the force of electric and magnetic fields using Faraday field lines, but this is a gravitational version of Faraday’s field lines. Since we are visualizing the state of the gravitational field, it must also be related to the curvature of space.

The points where loops touch each other are “nodes.” According to the book, these are “quantum grains of space,” or “quanta of space.” What must not be overlooked is the statement that the “volume of space” is “inside the nodes.” According to our common sense, “volume” is a continuous quantity that spreads out in space, but in quantum gravity theory it is different. “Nodes” have the character of “discrete small boxes that form a volume.” As a result, the “volume” takes on the value of Tobitobiki, and is counted as one or two.

This book also emphasizes that the “quanta of space” called “nodes” “have no place.” Since the “knots” themselves “shape the space,” they cannot locate their “place” within the space. This is very different from photons (particles of light), which are quanta of electromagnetic fields.

So, is there an alternative to the “quantum of space”? According to this book, yes. That is information about what is next to each other. Next to one “quantum of space” there is another “quantum of space”. The landscape of a space changes depending on who is next to whom.

This is the highlight of this book. “Who is next to whom?” means focusing on relationships. An image of a network comes to mind. The author’s theory of quantum gravity traces space down to the smallest particles and seems to see a web within it.

According to the author, the structure of space is made up of “nodes” that “touch each other”. At this time, a line called a “link” is assumed to connect the “nodes”. “Only through links, only in the relationships between one link and another, can individual spatial quanta be located.” The relationship between “links” also affects the “quantum of space.” I would like to note here that the author himself uses the word relationship.

By the way, from the perspective of the Wheeler-de Witt equation, a “link” can be said to be part of a loop. It can be thought of as a manifestation of the gravitational field. The gravitational field also follows quantum theory, so just as electromagnetic fields appear in the form of quanta called photons (particles of light), “links” also have quantum aspects. According to this book, this quantum is quantified by the width of the boundary surface when two nodes touch each other. Therefore, “area” also takes a value of Tobitobiki, similar to quantum theory.

The author points out that the “volume” of “nodes” and the “area” of “links” “characterize the quantum network of space.” As I read this book, I kind of realized that when we talk about what the space of the microscopic world is like, we should not imagine this space that we are currently in. There is no common sense space there. There are only “nodes”, which are particles of space, and “links” that connect them. Together with quantities such as “volume” and “area,” they form a gravitational field.

This book also includes schematic diagrams of “sections” and “links.” At first glance, they look like the vertices and edges of a polyhedron. It also resembles a diagram simulating a network such as a communication network. From this diagram, we are convinced that the latest physics, known as loop quantum gravity theory, sees networks at the root of the world.

Anyway, what exactly is a loop? This book also has some hints. The author argues that by walking the links from node to node and back, you can measure the curvature of space in one turn. This is similar to how humans measure the curvature of the Earth. For example, if you travel in a loop from the North Pole, go south, move east-west around the equator, go north, and go to the North Pole, you can detect how the Earth’s surface is curved. The loop seems to be related to spatial distortion.

Let’s summarize the story so far. In loop quantum gravity theory, the microscopic world has a granular nature. The grains of space are called “nodes.” A “node” is itself a space, so it is not in space. The location of a “section” is determined by information such as “who is next to whom.” A network of nodes and links connecting them forms the structure of the space. If you follow the “link” once, it becomes a loop, and from there you can see the curve of the space.

I see, the structure of space is like that. However, the topic of time does not come up easily. The author says that we don’t need time, but he doesn’t seem to be completely denying the flow of time. What happens to time in a microscopic world where space becomes particles? I will continue reading this book next time.

Rovelli’s physics: space is a set of particles (by Akira Ozeki, 20/10/2023)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
すごい物理学講義 (Time doesn’t exist)
by Carlo Rovelli

書評「めぐりあう書物たち」 (Book review ”Book come across”)
by 尾関章 (Akira Ozeki)
 

Recently, this column has been confronting the mystery of time. The reason is probably because I’m older. Every day is so precious. To put it more simply, I love every moment. However, you cannot capture that moment and save it somewhere. There is no cryopreservation in time.

In May of this year, I read “Time Doesn’t Exist” by theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli (translated by Sei Tominaga, published by NHK Publishing, 2019). The emphasis was on the fact that physics can work without time. Physical phenomena can be described without the time variable “t”. If you use mathematical formulas to relate the way one quantity changes to the way another quantity changes, you can accomplish the mission of physics – it’s surprising when you think back to science class, but it was a point that made sense once you heard it. .

However, this cannot explain how we experience time every day. What makes “Time Does Not Exist” admirable as a book for the general public is that it does not ignore its drawbacks. The author, Rovelli, used thermodynamic considerations to reveal the true nature of time as we humans perceive it.

However, since I was a science reporter, I would like to take a step closer to Rovelli’s physics, which says that there is no need for time. What kind of philosophy did he draw from? How is he trying to change his worldview? There are many things I want to dig into. So this time I will be looking at another book by the same author. Coincidentally, this column, including its predecessor column, has now reached its 700th anniversary. I once had a sign saying “Bunri Yuyu” in the name of my column, so I think it’s a fitting choice for this milestone.

“Amazing Physics Lecture” (written by Carlo Rovelli, translated by Kaoru Takeuchi, translated by Toshihide Kurihara, Kawade Bunko, published in 2019). This is a paperback version of the Japanese translation published by Kawade Shobo Shinsha in 2017. The original book was published in Italy in 2014, three years earlier than the original publication of “Time Doesn’t Exist.”

The author is from Italy. He is searching for a theory that integrates quantum mechanics and general relativity, and advocates the “loop quantum gravity theory” as a trump card. This theory is tied to cosmology and is deeply concerned with what happened at the beginning of the universe. This is one of the reasons why I am trying to read this author’s book again. If time does not exist in physics, as “time does not exist” says, then what was the origin of the universe? I would like to get that hint as well.

Let’s get into the contents of this book. Chapter 1, “Grains: The Great Discovery of Ancient Greece” states, “The universe is granular and does not continue smoothly.” Its origin seems to be the atomic theory of the ancient Greek philosopher Democritus. The idea is that the work of cutting the universe into pieces cannot continue indefinitely, and this has the advantage of resolving Zeno’s paradox that the hero Achilles cannot catch up with the tortoise. As you read this book, you will find that the author also takes the position of Democritus.

This is where the word “granularity” comes from. The author says that “at the root of all things” is “the nature of particles.” Quantum theory considers that electromagnetic waves are also swarms of photons (particles of light), but quantum gravity theory seems to believe that space and time also have “granularity.”

This book cites former Soviet physicist Matvey Bronstein (1906-1938) as a pioneer in this research. He viewed space as a “continuum that can be infinitely divided” and published a paper in the 1930s that showed that quantum mechanics and general relativity were incompatible. He theoretically proved that if quantum mechanics and general relativity are both correct, space has a “granular” quality. This man was sentenced to death for criticizing the Stalinist regime in the former Soviet Union, and was executed at a young age.

This is how the proof works. If you try to place a particle in a very small region of space, that particle will follow Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and try to escape from that region at extremely high speed. The energy of the particles becomes enormous. According to general relativity, the result is that space bends so much that its interior becomes unobservable. In modern terms, this creates a black hole. It can be said that “areas below a certain scale” are “inaccessible” and therefore nothing exists there.

Bronstein calculated that “certain scale”. This can be obtained by multiplying Planck’s constant h by Newton’s gravitational constant G, dividing it by the cube of the speed of light c, and taking the square root of the result. It will be done. h is a fundamental constant related to the discrete values of energy in quantum theory. c is a constant essential to relativity theory. A calculation formula that includes both is suitable for attempting to reconcile quantum mechanics and general relativity. The value thus obtained was the “minimum length” that exists in the world.

This length is 1 trillionth of 1 trillionth of 1 cm (10 to the minus 33rd power cm). The physics community has named this the “Planck length,” but the author says, “I would like to call it the “Bronstein length.” This is probably a tribute to the pioneers of quantum gravity theory.

John Wheeler (1911-2008), a prominent American physicist, made a major contribution to the development of quantum gravity theory. It is said that it was because of this person’s intention that a celestial body that collapses due to gravity came to be called a black hole. According to the book, Wheeler was able to visualize quantum space in a single image after carefully reading Bronstein’s paper. It was “a cloud-like thing made of different geometric figures overlapping each other.”

Speaking of “cloud”, the electron cloud of quantum mechanics comes to mind. When we consider the electrons around the atomic nucleus using Schrödinger’s equation, they do not exist at a single point unless they are observed, but instead exist in a series of overlapping states at various positions. It is a “cloud of probability.” According to the theory of quantum gravity, does this mean that space is similar? However, it is not the positions of the electrons that overlap, but the shapes of the geometric figures. I feel like I understand something, but this alone doesn’t make sense.

The author compares this to the sea level. If you look at the ocean from above, it looks like a flat, blue plate, but if you get closer, you’ll see bubbles floating here and there. When viewed macroscopically, space is “flat and smooth” and follows Euclidean geometry, but this is not the case with microscopic scenery.

For example, suppose we look into a world where the scale of a ruler is as small as Planck’s length. Space is there “chopped and bubbling.” The book explains that this “bubbling of space” is “a wave of probability made up of different geometric figures.”

What was brave about Wheeler was that he attempted to describe the “bubbling of space” using a mathematical formula. He was collaborating with a young researcher, Brice de Wit. In the 1960s, the two discovered the “Wheeler-de Witt equation.” It was estimated that the probability of observing a particular curved space could be determined from this formula. If successful, it will be a quantum gravity theory version of Schrödinger’s equation that gives the probability that a particular particle state will be observed.

So, did you solve the Wheeler-de Witt equation as expected? I’d like to go into that, but I’ve run out of lines this week. I’ll be taking up this book again next week and talking about it.

This time, I would like to add one more thing about the Wheeler-de Witt equation. In “Time Doesn’t Exist,” the author described this formula as “pointing out possible relationships between varying quantities without involving the time variable.” This book says the same thing.

According to modern cosmology, the universe began in an ultra-microscopic world. According to quantum gravity theory, the author’s position seems to be that it can be drawn without the time variable “t”. The world became what it is today due to rapid expansion (inflation) or a big explosion (big bang).

What I would like to mention here is Stephen W. Hawking’s theory. It is said that there was an imaginary amount of time at the beginning of the universe. At this time, “Time and space may come together to form a curved surface of finite size but without any boundaries or edges.” (“Hawking talks about the universe: From the Big Bang to black holes.” “Until” (written by Stephen W. Hawking, translated by Kazu Hayashi, Hayakawa Bunko NF). Is it impossible to distinguish between time and space?

Whether you accept the Wheeler-de Witt equation or support Hawking’s cosmology, it seems that when thinking about the beginning of the universe, you should put time aside and focus on space for now. The question is, what is the space like? That’s what we’ll focus on next week.

Physics that allows us to feel the flow of time (by Akira Ozeki, 12/5/2023)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
時間は存在しない (Time doesn’t exist)
by Carlo Rovelli

書評「めぐりあう書物たち」 (Book review ”Book come across”)
by 尾関章 (Akira Ozeki)
 

Last week, I talked about how physics doesn’t require time. The book he read was “Time Doesn’t Exist” (written by Carlo Rovelli, translated by Sei Tominaga, published by NHK Publishing in 2019). Since it was written by a theoretical physicist, it cannot be dismissed as some sort of nonsense. At least I was satisfied.

The heart was something like this. When things change, we describe the change as a function of the time variable t. “T” is like the hands of a clock. In other words, in our daily lives, we relate changes in things to changes in the clock.

However, the author argues that the person to be associated does not have to be a watch. It does not have to be a guideline for a day, month, or year like the rotation of the Earth, the revolution of the Moon, or the revolution of the Earth. If you relate one change to another change, you can create a physical equation.

I see. In that case, it may be safe to say that “time does not exist.” But there’s a trick here. It is hidden in the word “change”. When we say things change, we think of time. Getting rid of “t” does not mean getting rid of time.

Let us recall philosopher John Ellis McTaggart’s theory of time, which we discussed in this column the other day. This also referred to the “unreality of time.” However, in the process of proving this, he also taught me that there is an aspect of time that cannot be expressed with the letter “t”.

According to McTaggart, time can be divided into three series: A, B, and C. Both series A and B are important; series A focuses on the “distinction between past, present, and future,” and series B focuses on “the distinction between earlier and later.” Neither of these two points of view can fit within the “t” frame.

As for the A series, in this world a change is occurring in which future events turn into present events, and then eventually become past events. This change cannot be explained only by the time axis representing “t”. On the other hand, the B series is a bit more complicated. “Before and after” are easy to fit into the image of a time axis. However, why do we view the negative direction as “before” and the positive direction as “later”? There is something about time that cannot be measured by the number of “t”s.

What we can say from the above is that although the world exists without the time variable “t”, we still recognize that there is time in the world. This is another theme of this book, “Time Doesn’t Exist,” and is explained in detail later in the book. This week, let’s focus on that.

The keyword here is “blur”. “The existence of time is deeply connected to blurring,” the author declares, “blurring occurs because we are unaware of the microscopic details of this world.” He says that time is nothing but a manifestation of human ignorance.

When I hear this story, people like me, who studied physics in my student days, feel like I understand that he is talking about entropy. Entropy is a numerical value that appears in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. I remember that in the lecture, it was explained as “the total amount of information that has been lost.”

Let’s take a glass of water as an example. What we are looking at is the “macroscopic state” of liquid water in a transparent container. There are countless water molecules in water, each in a variety of positions that are difficult to distinguish. This blurring is entropy. The author explains that the value of entropy is determined by the number of configurations that are indistinguishable to us, based on the theory of Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann.

In physics, there is a “law of increasing entropy” (the second law of thermodynamics), which states that entropy only increases. It refers to a situation where the documents stacked neatly on a desk suddenly turn into a pile of disorganized paper. There, an “orderly arrangement” changes to a “chaotic arrangement.” This is not just about paper documents. The author sees the state of the universe as “a gradual process of disorder, like a deck of cards being shuffled out of order.”

What is interesting is that this book uses entropy to explain the difference between the past and the future. According to the author, the past “leaves its traces in the present.” Craters on the moon, fossils of ancient creatures, and memories in the brain are nothing but such “traces.” So, why are there traces of the past but no traces of the future? According to the authors, this is due to “low entropy in the past.” He says he cannot find anything else that “creates the difference between the past and the future.”

I wonder if it’s true. This seems to be related to the law of conservation of energy. Traces are created when something stops moving and kinetic energy turns into thermal energy, like when a meteorite hits the moon and creates a crater. Since the change to heat is disordered, it progresses over time. In this way, the traces can be seen after the fact. Future events will also leave traces, but they cannot be confirmed in advance at the present moment.

According to the author, the reason we feel that the past is “fixed” is because there are many traces. As a result, the brain develops an “extensive map of past events,” and is bound to that past. In contrast, in the future, there are no visible traces, so there are many options.

Now that we’ve come this far, let’s review last week’s story again. According to this book, the world is made up of a network of events. Therefore, it can be described by the relationships between many variables. In fact, this week’s story is not unrelated to this world image.

According to this book, we “belong” to “parts” of the world. What it means to be a part is that the variables that interact with us are not all variables. It is a position that believes that humans are not concerned with the world as a whole, but only with a part of it.

This affects entropy. Entropy reflects the degree of “blurring,” but the degree of blurring depends on “which variables we interact with.” “Which variables interact with” differs from part to part, so the degree of “blurring” also depends on the part to which you belong. So where are we humans? The authors explain that the images are placed in areas where “entropy when the world began” “appears to have been extremely low.”

The author understands the state of low entropy in the early universe as follows. “The universe is not arranged in a special way.” “We belong to a special physical system, and the state of the universe related to that physical system is special.” – Here, “physical system” refers to It’s about the parts.

I think this view is closely related to the anthropic principle of cosmology. The anthropic principle holds that the universe is the way it is because otherwise humans could not exist. The author’s view of time is similar to this, and seems to be saying that the reason why time flows in this way in the universe is because humans would not be able to sense time otherwise. You could say that we happen to be in a part of the universe where time flows like this.

There is one more thing I would like to add about “parts”. The author connects the meaning of “perspective” to “interacting with a small portion of the countless variables in the universe.” Since we see the universe “from within,” we cannot describe the world without a “perspective.” What cannot be ignored are words such as “now,” “here,” and “me,” which change their designation depending on the situation…This thesis reminded me of McTaggart’s theory of time.

The translator’s “Appendix” to “The Unreality of Time” (written by John Ellis McTaggart, translated by Hitoshi Nagai, commentary and commentary, Kodansha Academic Library) is associated with “the simple present” and “the simple self” It was done. Whether you’re a philosopher or a physicist, is it essential to have an inside perspective when talking about time?

After reading this book, “Time Doesn’t Exist,” I realized that the image of time in the sciences and humanities has gotten much closer in recent years. However, there is still a wall between the two that must be overcome. For example, how does “trace” relate to the “distinction between past, present, and future” in McTaggart’s theory of time? Or, how does the “change” in which the future becomes the present and eventually reaches the past relate to an increase in entropy? There are so many questions I want to ask. I want to continue to think more slowly about time.

“Time is not there” said the physicist (by Akira Ozeki, 5/5/2023)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
時間は存在しない (Time doesn’t exist)
by Carlo Rovelli

書評「めぐりあう書物たち」 (Book review ”Book come across”)
by 尾関章 (Akira Ozeki)
 

Looking at the roses, I think that early summer has arrived again. Time passes quickly as you get older. Sometimes the end of time flickers in my head as I realize that life is finite. Time is a real concern. This spring, this column read philosopher John Ellis McTaggart’s theory of time.

However, philosophy discussions only cover half the time. There is a group of people in academia who think of time from a completely different perspective. Natural scientists, especially physicists.

The natural world is made up of objects. Objects are positioned using coordinates on the spatial and temporal axes, and their movement can be described by speed, which is the change in position in space divided by time, and acceleration, which is the change in speed divided by time. We have become accustomed to seeing things that way. In modern times, the limits of Newtonian mechanics have become apparent, and complicated topics such as the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics have emerged, but the general framework of space and time appears to be intact.

As I wrote in the previous article, the time picture for liberal arts students is not straightforward, but the time picture for science majors has a good outlook. “Where is Time Born?” (written by Junichiro Hashimoto, published by Shueisha Shinsho, 2006), which was previously featured in “Book Reading by Chance”, was able to see through this rupture in literature and science.

Mr. Hashimoto pointed out this. “The theory of time expounded by modern philosophers almost completely ignores the nature of time revealed by modern physics (mainly relativity and quantum theory)” “On the other hand, the theory of time expounded by scientists is based on the framework of science.” It never comes out. It never tries to enter human time.” I feel the same way. It’s strange that even scientists can be busy or relaxed. Recently, however, people in the field of physics have begun to step into “human time.” It’s not just Mr. Hashimoto.

“Time does not exist” (written by Carlo Rovelli, translated by Sei Tominaga, published by NHK Publishing, 2019). I learned about this book in the newspaper when it was first published (Asahi Shimbun November 16, 2019, morning edition reading page, “Selling books” column). The reviewer is Takumi Fukuo, a critic. “This book is engraved with an intellect that goes beyond the easy division between liberal arts and science majors, or rather, the appeal of the humanities that can only be brought out by science majors,” he concluded. I thought the same thing when I read it. It’s no wonder that the book’s belt reads “Revolutionary Theory of Time.”

The author is a physicist born in Italy in 1956. After receiving his PhD from the Graduate School of the University of Padua, he continued his theoretical research at universities in Italy, the United States, and France. He is trying to construct a theory that combines the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, and is one of the advocates of the “loop theory of quantum gravity.” Meanwhile, he has also written a series of physics books for the general public. This book was published in Italy in 2017. According to the author’s introduction, it has been published in over 30 countries and has become a “global bestseller.”

There are two main points in this book. The first is that physics can be done without time. The other thing is that we still feel like we have time. The latter concerns human nature. Because of the second reason, we can say that we are stepping into “human time.”

Many science fans already know that time is not absolute. This is because in the 20th century, Albert Einstein established the theory of relativity, which refuted the absolute time theory of Isaac Newton’s physics. This book also emphasizes this.

For example, at the beginning of Chapter 1, “Time changes when you change places,” it is written that “Time flows faster in the mountains and slower in the lowlands.” This is an effect of general relativity. He explains that “objects slow down time around them,” and that “the degree of deceleration is greater in flatlands than in mountains because flatlands are closer to the Earth’s center of mass. ” (Translation notes are in brackets, and bold text follows the original text.) I was perplexed by the way this story started, and then I understood it. This person is clever!

General science books that deal with Einstein’s theory of relativity usually begin with special relativity. Special relativity is a theory that deals with inertial coordinate systems, so it can be considered with an easy-to-understand image of a train and a station platform. In fact, Einstein himself first completed his special theory of relativity and then moved on to general relativity. However, the author suddenly presented general relativity to the reader. My guess is that this is because he wanted to impress that time is related to “objects.”

There is a brilliant argument in the explanation of general relativity. This is how the gravity works between the sun and the earth. “Rather than being directly attracted to each other, I think they each act on things in between.” This is the so-called proximity effect. If that’s the case, then “the sun and the earth should be causing changes in the time and space around them, just as an object submerged in water displaces the water around it.” If space-time is a transmitter of gravity, then it is a concrete block. It cannot be a rigid body like .

In the story so far, time exists. However, it is influenced by objects. To this extent, the author emphasizes objects rather than time. However, if you read it carefully, you will see that the object is not seen as absolute either. In fact, it’s the opposite. He sees objects as illusions.

This story appears in Chapter 6, “This world is made of events, not things.” He fully develops a worldview that values things more than things. He uses the example of a stone, a representative object, to make this statement. It is “a process in which it is possible to maintain its shape and balance for a very short period of time before it collapses and returns to sand.” Both classical and modern physics talk about “the way events occur,” rather than “the state of things,” and they say that “things” are nothing more than events that do not change for a while.

Based on this way of thinking, the world is a “collection of events.” Moreover, they are interconnected and form a “network of events.” Physicists have long searched for the “identity of fundamental entities” through particle research, but recently they have discovered that it is easier to understand the world by understanding the “relationships between events.” A worldview that values things over things can be rephrased as a worldview that values “relationships” over “substances.”

The author also talks about humans using the theory of “networks of events.” Human beings themselves are events that involve “complex processes in which food, information, light, words, etc. enter and exit,” but they also involve “social relationships,” “chemical reactions,” and “transactions between people of the same kind.” It becomes a “knot” in the network of “emotions” and is connected to other events. What makes this book interesting is how “food,” “light,” and “chemical reactions” are juxtaposed with “words,” “emotions,” and “social relationships.”

What cannot be overlooked is that the author views the essence of “events” as “changes.” “Events” may continue like “things,” but they only last for “a while.” Not forever. Therefore, it is better to view the world of events as “constantly changing.”

If the world is undergoing “change,” time seems to be essential. However, the author says that time is not necessary. Why is this true? This question becomes clear when we move on to Chapter 8, “Dynamics as Relationships.” We have common sense that “change” is expressed as a function of the time variable “t”, but the author does not insist on this. The way one quantity changes can be expressed in any way by relating it to the way another quantity changes. The other quantity does not have to be “t”.

Humans first related changes in things to the number of days, the phases of the moon, and the height of the sun. These gave rise to calendars and clocks, and led to “choosing one variable and giving it a special name, “time.” However, the author asserts that this is unnecessary. What I want to know is, “How do things change with respect to each other?” The basic equations of quantum gravity, which is the author’s specialty, also take the form of “pointing out possible relationships between fluctuating quantities without including time variables.”

Up to this point, I think I have gotten a vague idea of the main point of this book, which is that physics doesn’t need time. However, another difficult problem remains. Why do we feel the passage of time? I will continue reading this book next time in search of the answer to this question.

La pipe de Staline

Les gens de Vilnius l’appellent « l’appendice » ou « la péninsule ». Sur place, on préfère dire « la pipe de Staline ». Situé à 70 kilomètres au sud de la capitale lituanienne, le parc de Dieveniškes est une petite enclave en territoire biélorusse. La directrice du lycée technique du principal bourg, Ilona Sediene, entretient la mémoire de cette région occupée tour à tour par les Scandinaves, les Polonais, l’Empire russe, les nazis, puis les Soviétiques. Elle dévoile volontiers l’origine de son étonnant surnom. « Lors d’une réunion à Moscou pour dessiner les frontières de la région, Staline aurait posé sa pipe sur la carte. Personne n’ayant osé la déplacer, la ligne de démarcation a pris ici une forme arrondie. »

Cultured meat

In-Vitro meat is the (idea of) manufacturing of meat products through “tissue-engineering” technology. Cultured meat (= in-vitro meat = clean meat) could have financial, health, animal welfare and environmental advantages over traditional meat. The idea: To produce animal meat, but without using an animal. Starting cells are taken painlessly from live animals, they are put into a culture media where they start to proliferate and grow, independently from the animal. Theoretically, this process would be efficient enough to supply the global demand for meat. All this would happen without any genetic manipulation, i.e. without the need to interfere with the cells’ genetic sequences.
Producing cultured meat for processed meat products, such as sausages, burgers and nuggets should be comparatively simple, whereas cultured meat which should be more highly structured, such as for an in-vitro steak is considerably more of a challenge. A steak is made of muscle tissue which is threaded through with extremely long, fine capillaries which transport blood and nutrients directly to the cells. It is much more difficult to reproduce such a complex structure than it is to put together the small balls of cells which grow to larger balls of cells which in turn become in-vitro chicken nuggets.

培養肉(Cultured meat)

培養肉とは、「本物に近い “食肉の代用品”」のことで、英語では「Cultured meat」と呼ばれます。ウシやブタなどの動物から取り出した少量の細胞を動物の体外で人工的に培養して増やし、それらを集めて組織を作ることで生み出されます。従来の食肉生産とは違い、動物そのものが食肉の供給源にはなりません。「飼育・繁殖・解体や飼料の生産・加工などの工程」が不要となり、生産期間がおよそ2年から3週間程度へと短縮されています。
また、動物に与えるストレスや環境負荷も抑えることができます。下記は「1kg当たりの生産における従来の畜産と培養肉」を比較したものですが、①温室効果ガスの排出 ②農地面積 ③水の消費量 ④生産期間 の4カテゴリすべてにおいて「低減」が見られます。このように培養肉は動物や環境にやさしく、「クリーンミート」とも呼ばれることもあります。

Cultivated meat and seafood

Meat without killing is the central promise of what’s come to be known as cultivated meat. This isn’t a new plant-based alternative. It is, at least in theory, a few animal cells, nurtured with the right nutrients and hormones, finished with sophisticated processing techniques, and voilà: juicy burgers and seared tuna and marinated lamb chops without the side of existential worry.
It’s a vision of hedonism — but altruism, too. A way to save water, free up vast tracts of land, drastically cut planet-warming emissions, protect vulnerable species. It’s an escape hatch for humankind’s excesses. All we have to do is tie on our bibs.
Between 2016 and 2022, investors poured almost $3 billion into cultivated meat and seafood companies. Powerful venture capital and sovereign wealth funds — SoftBank, Temasek, the Qatar Investment Authority — wanted in. So did major meatpackers like Tyson, Cargill and JBS, and celebrities like Leonardo DiCaprio, Bill Gates and Richard Branson. Two of the leading companies — Eat Just and Upside Foods, both start-ups — reportedly achieved billion-dollar valuations. And today, a few products that include cultivated cells have been approved for sale in Singapore, the United States and Israel.

チベット旅行記(河口慧海)

 図らざりき、私がネパールにおいて最大有力なる知己を得んとは。これまた仏陀の妙助であると感謝しました。その翌三月十日頃までは書物はこの国の図書館長が買い集めてくれますから、私は別段用事もない。それかといって余りあちこち見に歩くのも疑いを受ける種を蒔くようなものですから、殊更に司令長官に願いを出して龍樹ヶ岳に登ることを許された。龍樹ヶ岳の光景は詳しく言う必要はない。ここは龍樹菩薩の修行地また釈迦牟尼如来が因位の説法をせられた所でありまして、その説法せられた山の頂上には小さな卒塔婆が立ってあり、そこから三里ばかり降りますと龍樹菩薩の坐禅せられた窟があり、この窟で大乗仏教の妙理を観察せられたのであります。また古来の伝説に龍樹菩薩が龍宮に降って大般若の妙典を得て来たという穴はやはり岩で蓋がしてある。其穴は巌窟の少し東の山間にあるので、即ち尸棄仏陀の塔の横に在る家の中に在るのですが、この穴は十二年に一遍ずつしか開けられない。
 そもそも龍樹菩薩は大般若経の妙理について、如来の説かれた小さな原本によってその説を敷衍するためこの窟に坐禅せられたので、その坐禅の有様を形容して龍宮に入ったというのか、あるいはまたその外に宗教上不可知的の真理があって坐禅の上であるいは他の世界の仏典を得て来たのか、これは未定の問題でありますけれども、大乗は釈迦牟尼如来の説かれたものであるということはチベット語にて伝わって居る龍樹菩薩の伝記によっても分ることであります。
 で龍樹ヶ岳から帰りましてその夜は龍樹ヶ岳に登るの賦を作り、それから真妙純愛観ならびに雪山にて亡き父を弔い、在せる母を懐うというような歌を作るのを仕事にして三月十日頃まで過ごしました。こういう事でもしなければ外にどうもしてみようがない。地理や何かの取調べをすれば直に疑いを受けます。私は何も疑いを起されてまでその国情を取調べにゃあならぬという必要はないから、まあ自分の好きな仕事をして居りました。

湖州師範学院 サステイナビリティ研究院(松下和夫)

湖州師範学院には「両山」理念に基づき、学際的かつ総合的共同研究を実施するイノベーション創出機関である「サステイナビリティ研究院」が設立されています。
「両山」理念とは、2005年に当時中国共産党浙江省党委員会書記を務めていた習近平氏が、浙江省の安吉余村を実地調査した際に、「澄んだ水と青い山こそが金山であり銀山である」(緑水青山就是金山銀山)との理念を提唱したことが起源とされています。実際この「両山」理念のスローガンは、地域のいたるところに掲げられています。
湖州師範学院のサステイナビリティ研究院は、この理念を持続可能な発展と結び付ける具体的な研究を進めています。その具体的な例が「持続可能な竹の活用」です。両山理念の発祥の地、浙江省安吉余村は豊富な竹林に覆われています。竹は成長が早く、持続的に活用が可能な植物資源です。日本や中国など東アジアには多くの竹林があり、旺盛に生い茂っていることから、その有意義な活用を提起することは重要です。しかし、中国でも近代化の進行に伴い、多くの竹製品が姿を消そうとしています。安吉余村では湖州師範学院と連携し、「竹をもってプラスチックを代替しよう」(以竹代塑)とのスローガンで、様々な製品を開発し、その展示館(安吉优品)を設けています。

Content democratization (Adobe)

As the name implies, content democratization allows individuals and small businesses to create and share digital content in more ways than would have been possible in the past. It eliminates previous limitations of the traditional media space, such as price and technology barriers that restricted content creation and sharing to fewer people.
This new media may include blogs, ebooks, podcasts, songs, videos and other digital content. It’s often supported by online platforms such as YouTube, TikTok, Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat or LinkedIn, which allow users to distribute content at little or no cost. As a result, the creative industry is changing rapidly and the boundaries between old media and new media are evolving.

Democratization of music creation

The integration of AI into various creative tools is inevitable. AI is already influencing image generation and music creation will follow suit. Tools used for video creation and digital audio workstations will also incorporate AI features, improving user accessibility and enhancing the output.
Such advancements will provide an avenue for countless individuals who have a passion for music but might not possess the technical skills. It’s an opportunity for them to express their creativity. This is a significant move in the music industry, mirroring the transformation brought about by streaming services. These platforms, such as Spotify and Soundcloud, have made music distribution accessible to everyone. As a result, a vast number of songs are being uploaded daily.

A third of art galleries do not expect to survive

A recent survey conducted by The Art Newspaper discovered that as a result of global lockdown, art galleries around the world are expected to lose an average of 72% of their annual revenue. The survey of over 236 international dealerships revealed that the drop in financial activity ranges from region to region with UK galleries suffering the highest loss at 79% and with European at the opposite end with 66%.
Of even greater concern is the fact that approximately 30% of gallery owners believe they will not survive the crisis. With the smallest galleries, those with between 5-9 employees, predicted to have the lowest chance of survival at just 62%. Larger galleries have a rather more optimistic outlook and have put their chances of survival at 75%.

Generative AI’s impact on creative work (Ziv Epstein)

Generative AI tools are doing things that even a few years ago we never thought would be possible. This raises a lot of fundamental questions about the creative process and the human’s role in creative production. Are we going to get automated out of jobs? How are we going to preserve the human aspect of creativity with all of these new technologies?
The complexity of black-box AI systems can make it hard for researchers and the broader public to understand what’s happening under the hood, and what the impacts of these tools on society will be. Many discussions about AI anthropomorphize the technology, implicitly suggesting these systems exhibit human-like intent, agency, or self-awareness. Even the term “artificial intelligence” reinforces these beliefs: ChatGPT uses first-person pronouns, and we say AIs “hallucinate.” These agentic roles we give AIs can undermine the credit to creators whose labor underlies the system’s outputs, and can deflect responsibility from the developers and decision makers when the systems cause harm.

文学部の終わり(by アザラシさん)

 今の日本の大学生は勉強しません。本当に、びっくりするくらいしません。大人も似たようなもんですが。
 学部のレベルでは、文学を研究する、と言っても、研究なんてとても言えたものじゃありません。例えば、授業でこの文学を研究しましょう、となって教授から「研究」を求められても、大学生はポンコツなので、ただの「読書」をして、「感想」を書いています。論文なんて、書ける人ほとんどいません。
 就職活動の面接で、難しいことを難しいまま言ってもネガティブチェックに引っかかって落ちるだけです。難しいことを簡潔に話せないと落ちますし、それができたら優秀だなと思われて採用される可能性が高くなることもあります。
 なので、本当の意味で文学を研究している人は、難しい言葉を難しい言葉のまま使っていると思います。でもそれは、私の関心事である、就職活動とか、ビジネスでは排除しないといけないものなので。
 人生に深みをもたせたり、人を豊かにするのは文学の「研究」が大切なのは分かります。
 でもビジネスが、会社が、資本主義が、経済が、周りの人間が、難しい言葉を嫌うんです。
 私は文学好きですし、信念とか哲学とかを考えるのは大好きです。でもそういうのって世の中では少数派っぽいですし、何と言うかそういう空気を感じて、この感情は周囲に対して全面的に出せません。

侘助椿(薄田泣菫)

「この花には捨てがたい侘があるから。」
かういつて、同じ季節の草木のなかから侘助椿を選んで、草庵の茶の花とした茶人の感覚は、確かに人並すぐれて細かなところがあつた。壁と障子とに仕切られた四畳半の小さな室は、茶人がその簡素な趣味生活の享楽を一盌の茶とともに飽喫しようとするには、努めて壁と障子との一重外に限りもなく拡がつてゐる大きな世間といふものを忘れて、すべて幻想と聯想とを、しつかりとこの小天地の別箇の生活のうちに繋いでゐなければならぬ。
 それには生活の方式がある。その方式といふのは、長い間かかつて磨かれた簡素な象徴的なもので、例へば、釜の蓋の置き場所から、茶杓の柄の持ち方に到るまで、きちんと方式が定まつてゐて、それを定められた通りに再現することによつて、方式それみづからの持つ不思議な力は、壺のやうに小さな茶室に有り余るほどゆつたりとした余裕と沈静とを与へ、そこにゐる主客いづれもの気持に律動と諧調とを生みつけ、また日ごとにめまぐるしくなりゆく現実の生活とは異つた、閑寂と侘とのひそやかな世界を皆のうちに創造しようとする。
 そのひそやかな世界では、床の間に懸つた古い禅僧の法語の軸物、あられ釜、古渡りの茶入、楽茶盌、茶杓、――といつたやうな道具が、まるで魔法使の家の小さな動物たちが、主人の老女の持つ銀色の指揮杖の動くがままに跳ねたり躍つたりするやうに、それぞれの用に役立ちながら、みんな一緒になつて茶室になくてはならない、大切な雰囲気をそこに造り上げようとする。大切な雰囲気とはいふまでもなく、閑寂と侘とのそれである。
 むかし、小堀孤蓬庵が愛玩したといふ古瀬戸の茶入「伊予簾」を、その子の権十郎が見て、
 「その形、たとへば編笠といふものに似て、物ふりてわびし。それ故に古歌をもつて、
    あふことはまばらにあめる伊予簾
       いよいよ我をわびさするかな
 我おろかなるながめにも、これをおもふに忽然としてわびしき姿あり。また寂莫たり」
といつたのも、その茶入が見るから閑寂な侘しい気持を、煙のやうに人の心に吹き込まないではおかなかつたのを嘆賞したものなのだ。
 もしか茶室の雰囲気に少しでももの足りなく感じたら、そんな場合には何をおいても床の間の抛入の侘助の花を見ることだ。自然がその内ぶところに秘めてゐる孤独感が、をりからの朝寒夜寒に凝り固まつて咲いたらしい、この花の持味は、自然の使者として、その閑寂と侘心とを草庵にもたらすのに充分なものがあらう。
 私は暗くなつた室でこんなことを思つてゐた。椿の花は小さく灰色にうるんで、闇の中に浮き残つてゐた。

China (Koreans’ top overseas direct shopping destination)

Armed with low-cost products, China has stepped up as Koreans’ top overseas direct purchase destination last year, overtaking the U.S.
Koreans spent a total of 6.75 trillion won ($5.08 billion) in direct purchases of overseas products online throughout the past year, a 26.9 percent jump from the previous year.
By countries, the overseas direct purchase market last year was driven mainly by China, which has several mega-sized online shopping malls, including AliExpress and Temu, to attract Koreans with their low-cost products and pervasive online promotions.
Out of the aggregated 6.75 trillion won that Koreans spent on overseas direct purchases, China accounted for 3.28 trillion won, or about 48 percent, posting a whopping 121.2 percent surge compared to the previous year.
The U.S., which had held the top position as Koreans’ most favored overseas direct purchase destination, saw its ranking drop to second place. The U.S. took up 1.85 trillion won of the annual transactions, or 27 percent, down by 7.3 percent compared to the year before.

A Sad, Lonely, Angry and Mean Society (David Brooks)

I’d argue that we have become so sad, lonely, angry and mean as a society in part because so many people have not been taught or don’t bother practicing to enter sympathetically into the minds of their fellow human beings. We’re overpoliticized while growing increasingly undermoralized, underspiritualized, undercultured.
The alternative is to rediscover the humanist code. It is based on the idea that unless you immerse yourself in the humanities, you may never confront the most important question: How should I live my life?